Free Hamlet Essays: Not Murder, Self Defense in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Not Murder, Self Defense in Hamlet It is said that fall of the Royal family of Denmark, was Prince Hamlets fault. But in truth, Hamlet wasn't responsible for all the deaths. He was simply just avenging his fathers murder, an of Gertrude, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Ophelia. If you don't know who you are killing, are you held fully responsible for the murder? In Hamlets case, he promised his father, he would avenge his fathers murder. After the play, Hamlet was called into Gertrudes room to have a talk with his mother. That evening, Hamlet had performed badley and embarrassed King Claudius by implying that he had killed King Hamlet. At this point in the play, Hamlet was aware that almost everyone was spying on him. So he had reason to be suspicious when he heard a noise from behind a curtain. It was of course Hamlets fault that he had stabbed Polonius, but Hamlet wasn't aware that it was Polonius. He thought that it was Claudius getting ready to pull a knife on him, so as self-defense, Hamlet killed him. Polonius was just mistaken for the King. He was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. Therefore Because Hamlet wasn't aware he was killing the wrong person, he can't be fully responsible for Polonius's death. After Hamlet realized that he had murd ered the Kings advisor, not the king, he felt sorry for Polonius and sort of apologized. "thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell. I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune. Thou find'st to be too busy in some danger." ( Act 3 scene 4, line 38) Everyone deals with death differently. Hamlet mourns, promising to get even. Gertrude starts new with a new husband to replace the old one. When Ophelia hears about her fathers death, she goes mad. That is how Ophelia deals with death. She turned crazy; acting insane like a mad woman. Soon she got to the point where she couldn't control her actions. As a result, she herself decided to end her life, to end the madness and pain. Ophelia's death was caused because of her fathers death. Because Hamlet was not fully responsible for the death of Polonius, he couldn't be responsible for the death of Ophelia. Hamlet loved Ophelia; he wouldn't deliberately hurt her like that. "I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum.

Cuban Film Industry Essay examples -- Cuba Movies Films Cinema Essays

Cuban Film Industry Bennito Mussolini constructed Cinecitta in 1938, the most significant film studio in Europe. Stalin had hi own Private projection. Juan Peron and Mao Zedong shared the fascination, they both married actresses. Francisco Franco was said to have a fantasy of being a movie writer. The leader of the Cuban Revolution follows their footsteps. In 1979 he created, ?The International Film Festival of Havana? and also inaugurates a school for the Cuban youth to follow on their prestigious film makers rule of the screen. The Cuban revolution had a great impact on future Cuban filmmakers and the Cuban film industry. Before the revolution, during Batista?s dictatorship, cinema only existed in the capital and major cities; only Hollywood videos would be shown. When Fidel Castro took over the filmmaker?s goal was to create democracy in the production and distribution of films. Their desire to acquire films from all over the world almost exceded their patriotism. Cuba developed mobile cinemas for the rural areas. Since the revolution it has been possible to create a film industry in Cuba although the fight to show the industry view of the revolution has been hard. Unfortunately there are limitations to money so productions have decreased. This creates a problem for the younger generation who are struggling to become film makers. Now a days its almost impossible to create a film without co-producing it with another country. Other problems exist for example, in Cuba there is a shortage in gasoline, gas is r eceived from other countries to film motion films. From the very beginning the cinema was the only sector of Cuban society openly in the hands of the communists, and they control each and every piece of film shown in the... ... of independent directors and producers? For Cubans the art of movie making is truly an art. Their desire is more to entertain the public than to make money . The war against capitalism is very notable in Cubans, sometimes there is just too much pride to admit that one is wrong. But when Cubans are all that Cubans have, pride might be the only thing to protect them from the outside world. Films are a part of Cuba, the youth is a part of Cuba, ?machismo? is a part of Cuba. All these little pieces integrate to form a great country which fights to entertain their people without betraying their leader and Cuba Bibliography 1.http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/ a. Copyright 1995 UNESCO (France) b. Copyright 1991 The Economist Newspaper Ltd. c. Copyright 1988 The New Republic Inc. 2.http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/classes/mc166k/espinoza.html Cuban Film Industry Essay examples -- Cuba Movies Films Cinema Essays Cuban Film Industry Bennito Mussolini constructed Cinecitta in 1938, the most significant film studio in Europe. Stalin had hi own Private projection. Juan Peron and Mao Zedong shared the fascination, they both married actresses. Francisco Franco was said to have a fantasy of being a movie writer. The leader of the Cuban Revolution follows their footsteps. In 1979 he created, ?The International Film Festival of Havana? and also inaugurates a school for the Cuban youth to follow on their prestigious film makers rule of the screen. The Cuban revolution had a great impact on future Cuban filmmakers and the Cuban film industry. Before the revolution, during Batista?s dictatorship, cinema only existed in the capital and major cities; only Hollywood videos would be shown. When Fidel Castro took over the filmmaker?s goal was to create democracy in the production and distribution of films. Their desire to acquire films from all over the world almost exceded their patriotism. Cuba developed mobile cinemas for the rural areas. Since the revolution it has been possible to create a film industry in Cuba although the fight to show the industry view of the revolution has been hard. Unfortunately there are limitations to money so productions have decreased. This creates a problem for the younger generation who are struggling to become film makers. Now a days its almost impossible to create a film without co-producing it with another country. Other problems exist for example, in Cuba there is a shortage in gasoline, gas is r eceived from other countries to film motion films. From the very beginning the cinema was the only sector of Cuban society openly in the hands of the communists, and they control each and every piece of film shown in the... ... of independent directors and producers? For Cubans the art of movie making is truly an art. Their desire is more to entertain the public than to make money . The war against capitalism is very notable in Cubans, sometimes there is just too much pride to admit that one is wrong. But when Cubans are all that Cubans have, pride might be the only thing to protect them from the outside world. Films are a part of Cuba, the youth is a part of Cuba, ?machismo? is a part of Cuba. All these little pieces integrate to form a great country which fights to entertain their people without betraying their leader and Cuba Bibliography 1.http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/ a. Copyright 1995 UNESCO (France) b. Copyright 1991 The Economist Newspaper Ltd. c. Copyright 1988 The New Republic Inc. 2.http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/classes/mc166k/espinoza.html

Argumentive Essay Against Euthanasia -- essays research papers

Euthanasia The mind is a terrible thing to waste, stated by anti-drug commercials. We all will either appreciate or underrate our life based on certain experiences we live through. Many go through dramatic experiences that make life uncomfortable or more strenuous than surrounding patrons do. Religious beliefs often affect the reasoning of decisions and the importance of life. Some people live in a vegetable status since their body is still performing, but their mind is not. The government will not allow their death since it is unconstitutional and deemed as murder. Euthanasia ends a life and is exercised regularly overseas. The immoral act of euthanasia defies humanity and the purpose of life. Some feel euthanasia needs legalization throughout the United States for vegetable patients. Currently Oregon allows physician-assisted suicides if certain medical conditions are present. The Pope John Paul II stated ?A man, even if seriously sick or prevented in the exercise of its higher functions, is and will be always a man ... [he] will never become a 'vegetable' or an 'anim...

1831, Year of Eclipse by Louis Masur Essay

The number of anthropologists, philosophers, and literary writers who portrayed their vision of America’s future includes many people. Louis Masur and George Orwell are two such literary writers who fit this group. They attempted to project the future of our American nation based on the current actions. Masur saw a trend, a path that was unavoidably steering in a particular direction. The analytical energies put into studying Louis Masur’s works are vast. I will review 1831, Year of Eclipse by Louis Masur and add some clarity to the reasoning behind the development and proof of his attempts at foreshadowing where the American nation was headed. Masur stated that 1831 marked the year in which America was transformed from a post- revolutionary republic into a democratic nation. The incidents and state-of-mind of our wobbly nation, in 1831, created the scaffold for reactive behavior that would lead to the catastrophic—yet necessary—outbreak of the U.S. Civil War thirty years later. Masur created a sense of foreboding. And how could he not? The state of civil unrest in our nation, at the time, was teeming with hostility as the North was, very clearly, in a face-off against the South. The issue of slavery, obviously, was the catalyst highlighting the fragility of a nation that was just over 50 years old. Part of the trials behind Masur’s thesis and the on-going development of his publication, were also linked to the prevailing image of the soon-to-come solar eclipse. The year of 1831 was more of a window of opportunity and a spot to view his on-going research of America’s turmoil instead of a time for Masur to join forces and advertise his premonitions. The eclipse of the sun prevailed on February 12, 1831 and received all the media hype that was available in that era. Some literary presenters and political strongmen at the time chose to use the shadow of the sun as a metaphor or omen-like prophecy of the times to come. Yet, at the time, Masur took this opportunistic moment in history and made a parallel link. He likened the storming eclipse of our planet’s closest star as a metaphor to the gathering protests over slavery, abolition, taxation, rights of state, and even religious arguments. Masur, in fact, wasn’t the only one who saw the inevitability of Civil War due to the anguish over slavery. Alexis de Tocquieville was another person who perceived the war on the way. Masur was a firm believer in the possible realization of the question at hand: can the United States survive as a nation? Masur offered the reader witty, intellectual methods in his writings regarding the troubles facing government officials and leaders of state. To say, hypocrisy was prevalent in this era of political, social, and developing democracy is an understatement. Most of Masur’s argument surrounded the issue of slavery and equality; for this was, without a doubt, the main thrust of civil unrest. Here are a few examples of issues Masur discussed in his publication: Virginia’s white representation of people displayed bitterness over the white women murdered during the slave revolution. They did, however, according to historical records, praise the Lord that rape wasn’t an issue during the killings. Secondly, once the revolt was squashed, some Southerners wanted to control any future revolt by instilling fear and terror in any revolutionary slaves. As an aside, isn’t it ironic—and sad—that today’s terrorism has caused worldwide fear, the same fear people of the South wanted to instill upon the slaves? We can view this ridiculous attempt at controlling slaves that were already under animal-like control as a precursor to tiny cells of Taliban terror, right within the walls separating the North and the South of the early 19th century. Masur went on to state how the fury of hypocrisy in our nation of civil unrest led the Southern doctrine to lie. Imagine that. The Southerners made claims that the slaves were actually content, and even loyal, to their slave owners.   There was more rage in the separation of people as Northern newspaper editors and the North-People, in general, were annoyed by William Lloyd Garrison’s radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. Yet, just as is the case in the impact of 21st century media, this fierce resistance only improved newspaper circulation. The people wanted to hear about the ‘dirt.’ The fragility of our nation was further unhinged by certain southern states taking pride in the doctrine of nullification. This, in turn, led to the federal government losing power to interfere with slave trade. However, one of the pinnacles toward the start of the war occurred when Garrison began to advertise the U.S. constitution as an â€Å"agreement in hell.† In closing, the breadth of Masur’s writings were simply a method for this well-organized, well-researched, and prolific writer to create and advertise what was actually going in the south, and how political unrest and a separation of state was clouding the vision of the governing body. This was not the means toward developing a free nation, as prescribed in the U.S. constitution by our founding Fore Fathers. He used wit and did not hide or gloss over the details. He was not developing a thesis simply for the sake of telling a story. His pride and dire concern over the fate of the ground he walked on needed a voice of reason. His book 1831, Year of Eclipse was the driving force, and the voice of reason, behind his means of preparing the people for the onslaught that was to come. SOURCES Masur, Louis, 1831, Year of Eclipse. New York : Hill and Wang, 2001.

Long term conditions Essay

Long-term conditions also known as chronic diseases or non-communicable diseases have been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2005, p.35) as conditions that have origins at young ages take decades to be fully established, with their long duration, requiring a long term and systematic approach to treatment. Plans to transform care for patients with long-term conditions are based on continuing to maintain focus on early intervention and prevention; supporting integrated services shall help the patients and the public have a clear set of rights and patients in turn shall help the health care by undertaking the necessary steps, to take good care of their own health: promoting a preventative, people- centred, and productive care to be delivered (Great Britain. Department of Health, 2009). Director General of WHO expressed that, â€Å"the lives of far too many people in the world are being blighted and cut short by chronic diseases, this is a  very serious situation, both for public health and for the societies and economies affected† (WHO, 2005, p. VII), which has raised a need for long term conditions to be managed differently. Goodwin et al (2010, p.61) report that it was recognised, if patients with long-term conditions were managed effectively in the community, they would remain relatively stable and enjoy a quality of life free from frequent crises or observed increases in hospital visits. Chronic diseases have placed a heavy burden on the health care with demand for services and cost for treatment; the economic cost levels incurred; directly by the health care and indirectly by the individuals has also increased, and also increased use of hospital resources, raising need to manage the differently (Canada. Department of Health and Community Services, 201 1, p.7). They are time-consuming and some do not require the expertise and skill of a physician, but rather, may be managed by other members of the health care team (Canada. Ontario Medical Association, 2009, p.1). Chronic conditions have an effect on workplaces as regards productivity losses, where modifications have to be made by employers who attain workers with long-term conditions; so there is a need to manage them differently (Canada. Department of health and Community Services, 2011, p.7). Great Britain. Department of Health (2012) published a policy to support the management of long term conditions: improving quality of life for patients with long term conditions. Majority of the health care systems of middle-income countries, including Malaysia, are organised around models of healthcare developed in western countries, such systems are clearly at odds when dealing with long-term and continuing illness that require collaboration across health care sectors and where patient behaviour change forms the primary focus (Yasin et al, 2012, p.3). Malaysia is now implementing the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Model (ICCC), for it was developed, recognizing the challenges of the under-resourced and non-integrated health systems in low-and-middle income countries; but still holds focus on encouraging behaviour change at an individual level through improving self-management (Yasin et al, 2012, p.4). Managing long-term conditions requires key principles to be applied for  health care to remain focused with the plans to transform care; the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Great Britain. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, 2012, p.13) identifies six key principles that may be used as guidelines for managing long-term conditions and these include: working in partnership with the patients and their carers, supporting self-management, avail appropriate and timely evidence-based information to service-users and their carers, promote personalised aid for patients to manage their medicines, recognising carers as partners in planning and delivery of services, services should be patient-centred, and flexible and integrated services across all sectors. In this assignment, a scenario of a patient diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis three months ago, is going to be discuss, regarding examination findings outlined in the pro-forma; her name is Marjory 32 years old, married and a mother of two, works as a secretary. It is her first physiotherapy session, and she is receiving active treatment, and shall be introduced to self-management guidelines that are to help her manage her condition at home. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, autoimmune disease that causes pain, joint stiffness especially in the morning, and loss of function; it can occur at any age but is more common in persons over the age of 30 years and affects women more often than men (Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing, 2009, p.1). RA is a systematic disease that affects the whole body; joint pain and swelling manifest, leading to structural deformities and disability, causing a reduction in joint movement and muscle use; this happens because the immune system attacks the synovium first, with which the synovial membrane becomes thick and inflamed, resulting in unwanted tissue growth, but the most affected joints are particularly those of the wrists, hands and feet (Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing, 2009, p.3-4). Goal-setting process is required when managing RA patients: a formal process where a physiotherapist together with the patient formulates the rehabilitation goals which need to be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/relevant and timed, i.e. meeting the criteria for â€Å"SMART† principle (Meesters et al, 2013, p.1). Physiotherapy management of RA uses a comprehensive approach which consists of a combination of education, exercise and pain relief agents, with the emphasis varying depending on clinical needs identified, so the physiotherapist and patient discuss coming to an agreement in regards to setting goals (The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Condition (NCCCC), 2009, p.77). Physiotherapy aims to reduce pain and stiffness, prevent deformity and maximise function, independence and quality of life, which Marjory equally needs (NCCCC, 2009, p. 77). Kavuncu and Evcik (2004, p.1) assert that successful management involves educating patients and informing them about the planned treatment modalities that are going to be used and their effects to the patient’s identified problems. It was identified that Marjory had residual swelling around her hands, but no heat on palpation and the range of motion (ROM) had also reduced; paraffin wax therapy and hand exercises are the interventions chosen. Kacunvu and Evcik (2004, p.2) recommend using heat therapy before exercise for maximum benefit and applications are recommended for 10–20 minutes once or twice a day. Paraffin wax therapy has a short term symptomatic relief of pain and stiffness at the hands; the use of moist heat is intended to increase blood flow to the area, reduce pain and improve ROM (Welch et al, 2011, p.2). Recent evidence shows positive results for paraffin wax baths combined with hand exercises for arthritic hands on objective measures of ROM, pinch function, grip strength, pain on non-resisted motion, stiffness compared to control after four consecutive weeks of treatment (Welch et al, 2011, p.2). Despite paraffin wax therapy having benefits, its heat effects may increase inflammation, thus increasing swelling of the synovial membrane, so both joint and skin temperature elevate following superficial heating, which is a disadvantage to using heat therapy as an intervention, because RA patients often have unstable vascular reactions following exposure to heat (Hayes, pg.255, 2006). Another identified problem on Marjory was the swelling on the knees with heat on palpation, cold therapy is preferred for active joints where intra-articular heat increase is undesired; the physiological effects of  cold therapy include an abrupt drop in skin temperature, and a slow decline in temperatures within the muscles and joints: the recommended application time is 20 minutes to decrease synovial blood flow in patients with arthritis (Demoulin and Vanderthommen, 2011, p.117). Cold therapy is advocated to be applied intermittently rather than continuous, for the optimal parameters; each session should last 25 to 30 minutes, which is the time thought to be needed to substantially decrease temperature, blood flow, and metabolism (Demoulin and Vanderthommen, 2011, p.118). After cold therapy application, then TENS will be applied on Marjory’s knees, for it decreases pain and inflammation, and also reduces stiffness; its physiological effect of stimulation of the large sensory fibres prevents impulses from the smaller pain fibres from being transmitted in the ascending tracks in the spinal cord; decreased inflammation and joint volume will give an analgesic effect (Hayes, 2006, p.257). The burst-mode is recommended for it has both the high (70–100 Hz), and low (3–4 bursts per second) frequency modes; the advantage of burst-mode TENS is the greater comfort of the current, recommended treatment time is 30 minutes, only once per day for several weeks (Hayes, 2006, p. 257). The disadvantage of TENS, is the discomfort that arises from skin irritation through the electrode couplant from the electricity, and a study reported that an RA patient developed paresthesias which increased pain following heat and TENS, these effects were delayed, so RA patients should be monitored closely (Hayes, 2006, p. 257). In early disease of RA, patient education is a foundation of all rehabilitation interventions; however, using cognitive behavioural approach delivered at the appropriate time which is after active treatment, in order to promote long-term adherence to management strategies rather than an education-only approach (Luqmani et al, 2006, p.5). Research suggests that changing of illness perceptions and the use of coping strategies have a significant influence on psychological well- being, health-seeking behaviours, adherence and treatment outcome on rheumatoid arthritis patients (Dures and Hewlett, 2012, p.553). Rehabilitation is targets managing the consequences of disease, so there are other strategies that are to be applied for long-term remission for everyone with RA (Hammond A, pg.135, 2004); for which Marjory shall be empowered to manage her condition. Self-management training does plays a role with patient knowledge gain, aiming to give patients the strategies and tools necessary to make daily decisions to cope with the disease; patients’ involvement in the management of their care helps to improve self-confidence, desirable behaviour and improved functional status (Vliet Vlieland, 2007, p.1400). Self-efficacy is a component that may influence Marjory to have a positive change towards her health behaviour, become motivated to succeed and have perseverance once she has decided on a plan of action; and she gain the ability to recover from setbacks, and the likelihood of maintaining the change over time (Dures and Hewlett, 2012, p.553) Joint Protection and energy conservation strategies through resting and using splinting, compressive gloves, assistive devices, and adaptive equipment have beneficial effects in managing RA symptoms and deformities, which help to stabilise Marjory’s symptoms; splints may be used to give desired position at rest and functional positioning to the involved active joints; indirectly diminishing pain and inflammation, preventing development of deformities, preventing joint stress, supporting joints, and reducing joint stiffness (Kanvucu and Evcik, 2004, p.4). Compression gloves give a gentle compression which is an advantage on controlling joint swelling leading to decrease of pain (Kanvucu and Evcik, 2004, p.4). Exercise therapy has physiological advantages of improving cardiovascular health, increasing muscular hypertrophy and increasing bone mineral density; also as a therapy, it enhances physical function and psychosocial advantages of the patients (Law et al, 2012, p. 332). Despite the positive reports about exercise, there are barriers to this management approach: psychosocial aspects cause barriers, concerns relating to joint health and limitations in exercise prescription, musculoskeletal pain and fatigue (Law et al, 2012, p. 334). Pain Management strategies are needed because pain is the main cause for the lack of activity and losses of functional ability in RA patients, successful rehabilitation cannot be achieved if the patient is in pain, so the control of the disease with classic therapeutic forms to control the pain and to improve the activities is needed (Giavasopoulos.E.K., 2008, p.65). Thermotherapies should be recommended for Marjory to use at home; even if hot and cold stimuli, in inflammatory arthritis do not alter the articular inflammation, but improve the secondary answer in the pain and the behaviour (Giavasopoulos.E.K. pg.66, 2008). Pain in the soles is common presentation among RA patients, recommendations on using insoles from high density polypropylene, that are to produce satisfactory treatment of the pain (Giavasopoulos.E.K., 2008, p.67). Work rehabilitation strategies are needed; Hammond (2004, p.143) points out key strategies to maintain people in work and these include: rapid communication with employers, job modification, re-organizing work schedules; short periods of rest should be allowed because rest decreases the inflammation and the pain and promotes the physiologic place of articulation. Good evidence indicates that introducing a simple work problem-screening tool assists early identification of work problems, and early work assessment reduces work problems, maintain people in work and results in high levels of satisfaction from workers with RA (Hammond, 2004, p.143). This assignment has justified the purpose of promoting the plans to transform care for patients with long term conditions, particularly RA for this case, by showing how the policy of improving quality of care for people with long term should be implemented in the healthcare system. The key principle priorities that were applied to Marjory, were: provision of patient education, facilitation of self-management, delivery of patient-centred care, giving evidence-based interventions and improvising early proactive intervention: these principles display patient involvement to improve the quality of care with the aim of producing good management outcomes and preventing secondary complications on the patient, so as to  improve the patient’s quality of life despite her having rheumatoid arthritis. APPENDIX 1 Proposed Management Approach Pro-forma Student Number: w12035846Scenario Number: #1 Current problems identified in order of priority: †¢Pain, swelling and stiffness at the knees †¢Stiffness in her hands – MCP and PIP joints †¢Slight swelling at the hands †¢Reduced ROM †¢Reduced grip strength Short Term Goals: †¢Reduce pain †¢Reduce swelling †¢Reduce stiffness †¢Increase grip strength †¢Increase range of motion in reference to the extension lack at the knees †¢Increase muscle strength of quadriceps †¢Counsel patient to correct emotional status Long Term Goals: †¢To stabilize symptoms †¢To improve quality of life Does the patient require any active treatment at the moment? If so, what? If not, why? †¢Yes, in reference the swelling and stiffness around the hands †¢Active treatments: Paraffin wax therapy combined with hand exercises, Ice therapy for the knees, TENS, and Patient Education What strategies do you think it would be appropriate for you to use in assisting the patient to self-manage their condition at this stage? †¢Joint protection (energy conservation, assistive devices, splints) strategies, †¢Pain management strategies heat therapy †¢Therapeutic Exercise †¢Work rehabilitation strategies †¢Hydrotherapy †¢Gait Training †¢ Evaluation and monitoring strategies using outcome measures How do you think your role will change / evolve in the long-term management of his patient? Physiotherapy plays as a role in rehabilitating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) with the goal to optimize function in patients. As a physiotherapist, role playing is recognised through providing patient education with reliable and appropriate information, and availing evidence based treatment programmes to the patient; by identifying factors that will positively or negatively affect maintenance of the management of RA condition. Also encourage the patient to have a positive mind set towards exercise prescriptions and physical activity tasks. Another role is to improve patients’ perception towards the management approach of RA. REFERENCES Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing (2009) A picture of rheumatoid arthritis in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (9) (pp.1,3,4) [Online]. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459857 (Accessed: 14 May 2014) Canada. Ontario Medical Association (2009) Policy on Chronic Disease Management, Ontario: Health Policy Department [Online] Available at: https://www.oma.org/Resources/Documents/2009ChronicDiseaseManagement.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2014) Canada. Department of Health and Community Services (2011) Improving Health Together: a policy framework for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management in Newfoundland Labrador. Newfoundland Labrador: The Department of Health and Community Services. (p.7) [Online] Available at: http://www.health.gov.nl.ca/health/chronicdisease/Improving_Health_Together.pdf (Accessed: 14 May 2014) Demoulin, C and Vanderthommen, M. (2011) ‘Cryotherapy in rheumatic diseases’, Joint Bo ne Spine, 79, pp. 117-118. ScienceDirect [Online] Available at: (Accessed: 20 May 2014) Dures, E. and Hewlett, S. (2012) ‘Cognitive–behavioural approaches to self-management in rheumatic disease’, Perspectives, 8(10), p.553. [Online] Available at: (Accessed: 27 May 2014) Giavasopoulos, E.K. (2008) ‘Rehabilitation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthrits’, Health Science Journal, 2 (2), pp.

Sarah James

In the email the deader gets an Impression that Sarah has negated the positive Images Professor WA. McGill of PLUS and DRP. Jimenez of IN had about her. This case study emphasis the relevance of Hefted Studies. Through analysis of this case, we are required to address certain questions. 1 . Should Sarah have moderated her diet to accommodate her host family? Sarah is from USA, which has a high score of individualism ranking at 91. High scoring under â€Å"individualism parameter indicates higher importance to their time, need for freedom and respect for privacy.This could be sensed from her mail to her reformers complaining about the issues related to food she had at her host family. Most Americans see themselves as separate Individuals, autonomous and self-reliant not as representatives of a family, community or other group. They dislike being dependent on other people or having other people be dependent on them. Some people from other countries view this attitude as selfish; other s view it as a healthy freedom from the constraints of ties to family, clan or social class.Sarah Is a vegetarian and Likes privacy in the matter of food. Hence she is offended bout the comments by her family on her not eating meat and also caring too much likes. However, she should not be offended about the opinions of others on her food habits. Sarah probably could have created a personal rapport with the host and conveyed her likes and dislikes in a friendlier manner. By doing this she could have got opportunities to be served with vegetarian food such as black beans, etc by the host mother. 2.How could you advise Sarah if you were debriefing her regarding her host family issues :- If an opportunity was provided to debrief Sarah regarding her host family issues, the devise in respect of each problem faced by Sarah would be provided as under :- A) The vegetarian problem:- Sarah could have explored vegetarian Mexican foods available outside the host home. She could have sought the views of her colleagues at the work place and tried Mexican vegetarian food during lunch time or could have sourced it from nearby restaurants at nights. This should have reduced her longing for vegetarian food at the host home.She could have even opted of eating fruits and vegetables at host home. Sarah could have also stepped into the shoe of the host ND looked into the situation from their perspective. B) The transportation problem to the Airport: – This problem occurred mainly due to communication and cultural gap. She could have sorted out the issues by arranging for her own travel and transport to the Airport or could have taken Airport services through some travel agencies. She could have even arranged transport through some of her colleagues, friends etc.C) The extra money problem for the final parting day: – Considering the fact that charging of the extra money for the extra hours on the parting day could have been voided by the host family. Sarah could have u nderstood the Mexican culture being there for quite some time. The host family is doing such services for their financial benefits and hence such situations is expected. 3. What should professor McGill do? What should he communicate to Jimenez at IN ? What should he say to Sarah? Professor McGill, being the Head of the International Business and spokes person of minimize the impact of the open mail sent by Sarah.The mail would create complications in the future relations between the two institutes and a speedy espouse would strengthen the relationship in the future. Professor McGill should be first apologetic to DRP. Jimenez on behalf of Sarah and PLUS since the problem faced by Sarah was with the host family and not with IN or the Agencies. He should bring the attention of DRP. Jimenez to the fact that the very critical aspect of cross cultural adjustments was overlooked by both the schools when they embarked on these programmers. To streamline the process and avoid such embarrassi ng situations in future, Proof.McGill should suggest the following to DRP. Jimenez:- a. The host family and IN should have written agreement of dos and donuts. B. Both the schools should exchange the profiles of the students and host families based on which the students and host families could have an opportunity to select their choice. C. There should be a proper preparatory sessions on cross cultural behavior for the students who are opting for study abroad opportunities. D. There should be a systematic approach for selecting the host families and also the stipend level for the host family should be revised. Proof. McGill should diplomatically handle the matter with Sarah.Any censure or criticism by Proof. McGill at this point could affect her morale and possibly could lead her opening up with her classmates on this matter. It could discourage onward movement of students to Mexico from PLUS citing these issues. So the best way forward is to take her through the positives of the pr ogrammer and then suggest her how it could have been handled better. McGill should convey that it would have been appropriate for Sarah to convey the feelings first to Proof. McGill, who could stress the fact that Mexico is a hierarchical society, which means that people accept a aerographical order in where everyone has their own place.He should also make sure that one of the prerequisites for international students is adaptability to cross cultural challenges which could not be adjusted. And also Sarah has to motivate and informed about the different cultures and lifestyles around the world and ask her to adjust with the difference available in the world. 4. Was this a successful experience for Sarah? Explain? Sarah had a successful experience on her visit to Mexico on the following 1 . She had a good exposure on the cargo forwarding broking business in which her agencies had excellent track record.She was also offered to work anywhere in Mexico or Latin America by the Agencies. 2 . She could learn a new language Spanish which would add up to her benefits and also had hands on experience in their culture and beliefs. 3. One Major learning was to live the hard way. She had issues with food, and other cultural difference. But she coped up and completed her task. She also could make out that life is not an easy game on her personal front. 4. Sarah also got a good experience on international business and got good inputs on Doing business in Mexico through her teacher Maria.

Pepsi branding and marketing strategies defined in history Essay

In 1893 Caleb Bradham experimented on several soft drink concoctions from his drug store at North Carolina. In 1898 the brand name was first introduced as Brad’s drink but later renamed to Pepsi Cola (Ads & history 2007) after the pepsin and cola nuts used in the recipe. Pepsi was first introduced as a fountain drink. It was about 750 microns wide 6 ounces straight sided bottle with paper labels glued to them and a non-descript crown on top. Price was reported to be costing for only a nickel. Advertisement before was done in signage and if you can read the arrow’s text it says: â€Å"look for the trademark† while the bottom label reads, â€Å"healthful and refreshing† (Davidson & FSU 2004). In 1903 Caleb sold about 7,968 gallons using the line â€Å"exhilarating invigorating, aids digestion†. This also started his franchising activity to independent investors to about 24 states. In 1905 the logo was first changed then changed again in 1906. The slogan was also changed to the â€Å"original pure food drink† which gives a boost to sales of 38,605 gallons. In 1908 the company was the first to shift from horse drawn carts to motor vehicles mode of delivery. In 1909 Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi as â€Å"a bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before the race.† In 1920 the theme was changed to â€Å"drink Pepsi cola, it will satisfy you†. In 1934 Pepsi cola replaced the 6 ounce bottle to 12 ounce bottle at the same price which is still a nickel. The shift was brought about by the high depression which demands for low cost products but high value. The 12 ounce bottle previously priced at ten cents was slashed to five cents which made a hit because it was of same value as the competitive colas of 6 ounce bottles. It was then known as the Pepsi legacy followed by skyrocketed sales giving the company a real good break. In 1939 they pioneered the idea of a comic strip form of advertising in the newspapers introduced and named as Pepsi & Pete promoting the product as â€Å"twice as much for a nickel† which deliberately increased consumer awareness in the process. Pepsi cola was remarkably associated nationwide with two policemen that were patterned after the Keystone Kops and became extremely popular. In 1940 their nationwide advertising campaign theme was changed to: â€Å"Pepsi cola hits the spot, 12 full ounces, that’s a lot twice as much for a nickel too! Pepsi cola is the drink for you.† At the same time, they launched the first jingle in the cola world known as â€Å"Nickel, nickel†. The jingle was recorded in fifty five different languages and produced over one million records played coast to coast on radio. It was well adapted by the consumers and those who have heard the jingle. Their jingles appropriately played to the perception and emotional-psychological responses of the consumers for even fifty years later some still remembered. The logo was also changed to a simpler bolder rounded script letters that is really noticeable. Pepsi cola bottles adapted the embossed 12 ounce bottle designed and had the word Pepsi blown and baked into the side of the bottle while the paper labels were replaced as blown labels also. Pepsi cola began to tap the African American niche market and commenced advertising in a Negro newspaper lead by an all black sales team. They also sponsored a nationwide essay contest hiring African Americans professionals in the process. An advertisement specifically aimed for African Americans was modeled by a black mother holding a six packed Pepsi while the son was reaching out to the bottles. In 1941, the crown was changed to red, white, and blue. This was done to support America’s war effort. They wisely set up a Pepsi canteen in Times Square New York. It served to help families’ record messages for overseas armed service personnel. In 1943 the theme twice as much included â€Å"bigger drink, better taste†. In 1947 one of their ad campaigns profiled prominent African Americans using the title â€Å"Leaders in their field†. Using racism as a selling point, their sales shot up dramatically. In 1949 the theme â€Å"why take less when Pepsi’s best† was added. In 1950 the new logo incorporated the bottle cap look. Advertising was done by promoting Pepsi as an experience rather than a bargain. Slogan was changed to â€Å"more bounce to the ounce†. They relied and invested more with advertising that tripled their sales that year. The jingle was then changed to â€Å"have a Pepsi, the light refreshment†. In 1953 Americans became conscious with weight and health that they changed their slogan to â€Å"the light refreshment†. The formula was also changed with a reduced caloric content. In 1954 the slogan â€Å"refreshing without filling† was incorporated to the light refreshment theme. In 1958 Pepsi was known as the kitchen cola as a result of its bargain branch longtime positioning. This time Pepsi targeted the young fashionable consumers. The slogan was changed to â€Å"be sociable, have a Pepsi†. The bottle was then changed to the swirl designed bottle replacing the old straight sided one. Along with it was the introduction of the ballroom dancing. In 1960 the slogan was changed to â€Å"now it’s Pepsi for those who think young†. It defines youth as a psychological state of mind it maintains its appeal for the post war young generation and to all market segments. Some commercials portrayed people going fishing. In 1962 the logo was changed again with serrated bottle caps along with its Pepsi generation ads. In 1963 12 ounce bottles gave way to16 ounce bottles. Pepsi then introduced the 12 ounce Pepsi cans to the military for transport convenience. Their advertising history’s slogan was introduced as â€Å"come alive, you’re in the Pepsi generation† along with their jingle â€Å"come alive† also. Commercials usually portrayed sports and entertainment concept like motorbikes, amusement park and sand sailing. In 1970 Pepsi introduced the first two liter bottles. They were also the first to respond to consumer’s need for light weight recyclable plastic bottles. In 1973 Pepsi changed its logo again. The slogan was also changed to â€Å"join the Pepsi people, feeling free† which is their very own interpretation of one people but with many personalities. In 1975 Pepsi introduced the Pepsi challenge marketing campaign where the results of the blind tasting test between Pepsi cola and its rival Coca cola was made public through television commercials. Participants picked Pepsi as the cola that taste better. As a result Coca cola changed their formula to taste more like Pepsi. The slogan jingle was then â€Å"you’ve got a lot to live, Pepsi got a lot to give†. On that year   the two liter plastishield bottle was introduced. The theme is to promote to live and to give. In 1978 the 12 packed can were introduced to the market. In 1991 Pepsi introduced the first polyethylene terephthalate (PET) along with the changed of its new logo. In 1993 the slogan was changed to â€Å"be young, have fun† modeled by Shaquille O’Neal. In 2001 Britney Spears run her first Pepsi commercial doing her own version of â€Å"The joy of Pepsi†. In 2003 Pepsi cola has a new theme: â€Å"Pepsi it’s the cola.† It portrays popularity in the cola industry that goes from food to fun. Evaluation For decades Pepsi has defined itself as the slogan wizard that can closely associate with the times and changing lifestyle of the consumers. It has first introduced itself as a health drink which was the very reason why it has garnered a big portion of the cola market pie. As it continued to evolve in the market, it has studied its market well, and has well developed themes and slogans or activities that will create consumer awareness. Marketing strategy has always been the challenge of any external environment and how you select your target market, know the needs of your market and penetrate by spending more on advertisements to create consumer awareness. And how Pepsi has penetrated consumers like the Blacks was by spending on advertisements promoting racism to equality and in return enjoyed skyrocketed sales. Tactics will always change along with the evolution of logos, bottle designs, storyboard and jingles. Jingles and music have a very strong psychological effect on the minds of the consumers. It will always be remembered even if fifty years later. Jingles tune and lyrics stays more in the minds of the consumers longer than plain ads signage, commercials, and slogans. As we have noted Pepsi has been very sensitive with what is happening to its world politically and with the needs of its consumers as portrayed by their continuous changed of slogans and jingles. Pepsi has always been portrayed to be part of the life of their target markets. It was never separated in commercials as plain features of the product but rather as something that consumers can greatly identify with themselves. Marketing was a silent warfare among leading competitors. What Pepsi did was to concentrate on specific untapped niche markets and evolved its theme to be able to maintain consumer database. Pepsi had always been keen to combine on product, price, market, and promotion sometimes as far as demographics and selection which always resulted to a captivated market. Pepsi realized that it should focus and play on product innovation and advertising first to promote the brand and not the reverse. Their strong image was the result of directed marketing mix variables. The slogans were always guided by the concept of people and health as it was presented as a health drink in the first stages of its life. When Pepsi developed its campaign Pepsi generation portraying the product as a trendy drink for the young, it has made other cola products looked stodgy. Branding may offer instant product recognition or sort of identification but it was, for always, a result of effective advertising. Pepsi had successfully made the consumers identified themselves with the product by its series of jingles and slogans with just one unchanged brand name but packed with a lot of commercials and ads networking. One thing for sure Pepsi was able to determine its market changing lifestyle, need, and taste and that the product needs to evolve along with the consumer’s trend. So advertising could well focus on the dominating activity of target market in the life cycle of the product. Perception and emotional responses of the consumers were of very important consideration on Pepsi’s approach in the process of creating consumer’s sense of identification with the product. The main thing that Pepsi had done is to link the product with the consumer and not the consumer linking self with the product. As a result they had a handful of loyal customer base. Summary of Pepsi ads and logos Year 1898: Introduction of Pepsi. Packaging: 750 microns wide, 6 ounces straight sided bottle, paper labels glued to them, non-descript crown on top Cost: nickel Theme: Look for the trademark, healthful and refreshing. Branding: Introduced first as Brad’s drink but was later changed to Pepsi cola. Logo: Thin brand name Pepsi cola. Packaging: 6 pack bottle as shown below. Advertising: form of signage, please see image below: Delivery: horse driven cart Year 1903: start of franchising. Theme: Exhilarating, invigorating, aids digestion. Sales: 7,968 gallons Logo: still the same. Year 1905: Logo was first changed. The point is to make the letters bolder from the old thin ones. This is easier to read even at a distance. Delivery: automobile delivery Year 1909: Barney Oldfield Endorsement: Barney oldfield, a racer, endorsed Pepsi. Theme: A bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before the race. Advertisements: newspaper ads Year 1920: Theme Theme: Drink Pepsi cola, it will satisfy you Year 1934: Pepsi legacy. Price of product: changed from ten cents to five cents. Packaging: 12 full ounce bottles. Sales: skyrocketed. Year 1939: comic strip Comic strip: Pepsi & Pete Advertising: newspapers Effect of advertising: Pepsi cola was associated with the characters. Theme: Twice as much for a nickel Signage: Target market: Advertising targeting African Americans: Year 1940: Jingle break Theme: â€Å"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot Twice as much for a nickel, too Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.† Jingle: Nickel, nickel Logo: Packaging: bottles are 12 full ounce with embossed Pepsi word and label. Sponsored: Nationwide essay writing using Blacks Year 1941: American war support Crown: changed to red, white, and blue Make: Year 1943: Theme Theme: Bigger drink, better taste Year 1947: Blacks in ads Theme: Leaders in their field Year 1949: Theme Theme: Why take less when Pepsi’s best Year 1950: bottle cap Slogan: More bounce to the ounce (energetic decade) Logo: bottle cap with desc logo Jingle: have a Pepsi, the light refreshment Year 1953: Theme Slogan: The light refreshment Reason: to answer the weight conscious Americans Year 1954: Theme Slogan added: Refreshing without filling Year 1958: Target Target market: young and fashionable Slogan: Be sociable, have a Pepsi Bottle: swirl design Trend: ballroom dancing Year 1960: slogan Slogan: Now it’s Pepsi for those who think young Reason: Be young think young Commercials: soda fountain, fishing Year 1962: logo Logo: logo was changed Caps: serrated bottle caps Year 1963: bottles volume Bottles: shifted from 12 ounce to 16 ounce then to 12 ounce cans Jingle: Come alive Slogan: Come alive, you’re in the Pepsi generation. Reason: Identifies with the consumers and not by the products attributes Commercials: motorbikes, amusement park, sand sailing Year 1970: bottles Bottles: two liters Year 1973: logo Logo was changed Slogan: Join the Pepsi people, feeling free Reason: One people, many personalities Year 1975: Pepsi challenge Commercials: results of the Pepsi challenge was made public in TV Jingle: You’ve got to live Pepsi got a lot to give Bottle: introduction of two liter plastishield bottles Year 1978: Packaging: introduced the 12 packed cans Year 1991: Packaging: PET Logo: changed Year 1993: theme Slogan: Be young have fun Year 2001: theme Slogan: The joy of Pepsi References Ads & history highlights (2007). Retrieved November 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://www.pepsi.com/help/faqs/faq.php?category=ads_and_history &page=highlights Davidson, M. W. & FSU (2004). The Pepsi generation. Retrieved November 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/pages/pepsi.html