Essay on Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall...

Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall Apart A major aspect of one’s society is religion. Without it, the way people hold themselves accountable would be nonexistent. In addition, many moral standards that exist today are values taken directly from religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Currently, there exists a feud between people who believe in a god, and of those who do not. Eventually those who believe in a higher power will fight against each other. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Chinua Achebe brings to light the differences and similarities of Christianity and Animism in order to demonstrate the effects of religion upon one’s society, which is exemplified by Okonkwo and his people. This is noticed in the lives of†¦show more content†¦As a result, many of these half-heartedly committed members are held unaccountable for their actions and rely on precedents set by their ancestors and elders, unlike Christians whose laws are explained in the bible. Mr. Smith’s successor, Mr. Br own, also demonstrated a difference in that the God of Christians is to be proclaimed as a loving god who is to be feared only when His will is not done. On the other hand, Animism’s followers live in fear of their gods’ wrath and suffer spiritually, mentally, and emotionally for their gods’ happiness, â€Å"’You said one interesting thing,’ said Mr. Brown. ‘ You are afraid of Chukwu. In my religion Chukwu is a loving Father and need not be feared by those who do His will’† (180 – 181). Mr. Brown subtly brings up a theological paradox that is, â€Å"What is the point of living for a god that must be feared?† This difference greatly affects the Animistic and Christian way of life. Christians are to spread the word of God, serve their fellow men, and repent, and in doing this they need not fear God. Animists, specifically the Ibo, are to dedicate themselves to their chi or personal god, make sacrifices to their gods, and hope that their gods are not angry with them. Surprisingly, there is a similarity throughout all of this diversity. A major part of their religions is the belief in one God that created everything. Animists believe in Chukwu, who created everything including the other

Personal Counseling Cross Cultural Counseling - 1534 Words

RUNNING HEAD: CROSS CULTURAL COUNSELING 7 Cross Cultural Cross-Cultural Counseling Sophia Henry American Public University Abstract For this assignment I chose counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives because it is the one group I have not studied or been around much. There is a huge population of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Washington where I currently live. I stay approximately 30 minutes from an Indian reservation. A few of the kids that attend the school I work at are Native American or an Alaska Native. I realized that when I first started working at the school that I knew nothing of their culture or values even though my great grandmother was a Native American. I have taken this opportunity to learn more about them as well as how to counsel those students. Once I finish school, I would love to work as a school counselor in one of the schools and I may even get a chance to work at the school on the reservation, so this assignment came at a good time. American Indians just like all ethnic groups have a family structure, cultural and spiritual values, strengths, and challenges. In this paper I will start off with the history of Native Americans. It is their past that shaped them for the future. As a counselor it is important to know their past to understand their present. I will also discuss their cultural strengths, theoretical approach, culturally appropriate intervention strategies and how I would incorporate cultural strengthsShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesClinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervision, advanced family counseling, and independent researchRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Saving Face, Hwei Lan Gao Or Ma 1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Less acculturated, non-English speaking, traditionalist Chinese Americans may conform fully and solidly to customary Chinese beliefs, norms, and values that could affect how they articulate their concerns and thoughts and the way they seek counseling services. In the film Saving Face, Hwei-Lan Gao or ‘Ma’ is the 48-year-old mother of a young surgeon, Wilhelmina ‘Wil’ Pang. ‘Ma’ is a traditional Chinese who does not speak English and ineptly acculturated to American culture. Her daughter WilRead MoreEthnolinguistics, Diversity, and Social Justice935 Words   |  4 Pagesseems to mean something different to many people, but is typically meant as a variety or a mixture (differences in practices, appearances, ideals). The word diversity has been used to highlight the fact that there are significant personal, dispositional, and cultural differences between many of the individuals in this society. In many cases (but not all) the view has been that s ociety should learn to respect these differences as opposed to try to assimilate them (Nicholson Seidman, 1995). CasesRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Cultural Competence1406 Words   |  6 Pageshead: CULTURAL COMPETENCE 1 Cultural Competence April Culberson Ethics in Psychology/PSY430 CULTURAL COMPETENCE 2 Abstract In this paper we will be using the â€Å"Course Case Study† to describe the ethical issues to cultural competence, we will look at the influence of personal valuesRead MoreSynthesis Paper : Developing Cultural Self Awareness1726 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping cultural self-awareness promoting cultural social justice, advocacy and conflict resolution, and other culturally supported behaviors that promote optimal wellness and growth of the human spirit, mind, and body. Previously, counseling was viewed as a â€Å"whites only† form of treatment with most research done on white or European descendants. Non-European descendants failed to believe counseling would benefit them or it was frown upon by their culture and communities. Counseling was viewedRead MoreAsian American Identity Development Model886 Words   |  4 PagesRCIDM and Multiculturalism Having knowledge of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model will help counselors to become more culturally competent. Although we know these phases, one must be aware of the cultures that counselors will be working with and how one’s beliefs can hinder the process. The five stages of the Asian-American Identity Development Model, developed by Sue and Sue, are: The ethnic awareness stage, White identification stage, the awakening to the social political consciousnessRead MoreMulticultural Concerns in Marriage and Family Therapy: Asian Americans1047 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural concerns in marriage and family therapy: Asian-Americans Family counseling is not a value-neutral process. The counselor must be attenuated to the cultural assumptions of the family he or she is counseling, particularly if the family is from a culture different from his or her own. Asian-Americans have often been underserved by family counselors. This may be partially because therapy is not an ingrained and accepted part of many traditional Asian-American cultures. Particularly amongstRead MoreEmployee Counselor Leadership Competency Model1211 Words   |  5 Pagescareer information, and personal problems that affect job performance. For this discussion, the focus is upon the competency model for job counselors. Many times employee personal problems can become company problems and managers are the first members of management to become aware of these difficulties. When employee’s personal problems cause their own work performance to suffer, the performance of their co-workers is also affected. The point is, that employeesâ€⠄¢ personal problems can have a â€Å"dominoRead MoreSupport Group For East Asian Students1343 Words   |  6 Pages Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program Ya-Chen Tsai University of North Texas â€Æ' Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program According to U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), East and Southeast Asian Americans is largely a result of the huge influx of immigrants from Asia, it stood at nearly ten million of the total U.S. population and nearly seven out of ten Asian Americans were born in Asia. One out of ten people living in the UnitedRead MoreReasons For Asian High School Students782 Words   |  4 Pagesstaff, and the community if school counselors have more awareness and acknowledgement of multicultural competence. After composing eight research hypotheses, Dodson gathered her data from school counselors who were members of the American School Counseling Associate (ASCA) and had experiences in the elementary, middle, or high schools from Virginia. Of the participants who chose to take part of Dodson’s (2013) study, participants who identified themselves as Caucasian/ White claimed to have higher

Cross Cultural Management

Questions: 1. Deciding on an appropriate company and analyzing its cross cultural practices? 2. Negotiations involved in cross cultural management practices? 3. Globalization theory and global leaders? Answers: 1. Owing to the impacts of globalization it is a necessary for any organization to set frameworks and business policies that are in coordination with the universal structure (Thomas Peterson, 2014). The Mediterranean boasts of many reputed organizations. The chosen company for analyzing its cross cultural practices is the renowned Repsol Limited (Repsol, 2017). The headquarters of this integrated international energy company is situated in Spain. Over the year it has earned the global recognition through its considerable cross cultural practices. Repsol and its contributions for the services it renders to different parts of the world are immense. In fact the majority of the market holds of Repsol Private are in Latin America, Asia, and United States of America (Repsol, 2017). Their upstream and downstream provision with the production, reserving and supply figures forms a large and successful network for cultural management. The crude oil and bio gas supply, along with the huge numb er of petroleum refineries have allowed Repsol to accept challenges from its competitors and maintain a cooperative attitude with its global partners. With a diligent workforce the application of cross cultural business operations, for Repsol becomes much easier. It has also indulged and extended its significant collaboration with the Japanese automobile firm, Honda and have effectively retained the quality of the car racing sports over many year (Repsol, 2017). 2. Cross cultural management practices as opined by Geert Hofstede in his evaluations which have been conducted by him in one of the Technological firms have revealed many inputs about the practices that can be implemented for enhancing cross cultural practices. Respecting the individualistic behaviors of each of the community is very important because the negotiations act on this agent (Berry, 2015). The validation of the practices which are prevalent for example in the Spanish professional culture by the Japanese agencies is very pivotal in nature. The Management body of both the global companies should indulge in cooperative activities which will develop a harmonious culture. The annual company and industry by visits also improves the practices of attaining global harmony. The primary ethnological elements of any nation are language, food, attires, national integration, culture, and economic development (Thomas Peterson, 2014). International relations also play an important part in augmenting the multicultural practices, aiding for social and mechanical innovations. In order to make it more effective in nature the language which forms the maximum of the barriers between the two cultures must be mitigated with translators and diplomats. 3. Tim Cook, considered as one of the most influential person, is also recognized a global leader in regulating the business structures and developments of one of the largest technical manufacturers in the world. He is responsible for the constructive phenomenon which regulates and maintains the development process in improving towards the future generations through the means of the million dollar organization, Apple. The theory of globality focuses on the various aspects that need to be looked into by all the social elements and also the organizations that deal in maximization of the available resources (Berry, 2015). He is considered as one of the active agents as he implements and incorporates the provisions required for holistic approach and appropriate solutions attached with it. The leader characterizes the essential and some special features with an outlook to enable the less privileged for global justice and equality. Globalization is the only relevant environmental practices which help in enhancing the whole system along with the wide outlook (Thomas Peterson, 2014). Reference (2017). https://www.repsol.com/es_en/corporacion/conocer-repsol/contexto-energetico/matriz-energetica-mundial/default.aspx Berry, J. W. (2015). Global psychology: implications for cross-cultural research and management.Cross Cultural Management,22(3), 342-355. Esbr, J. M., Higueras, P., Lpez-Berdonces, M. A., Garca-Noguero, E. M., Gonzlez-Corrochano, B., Fernndez-Caldern, S., Martnez-Coronado, A. (2015, April). Geostatistical analysis of soil geochemical data from an industrial area (Puertollano, South-Central Spain). InEGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts(Vol. 17, p. 14549). Karin Andreassi, J., Lawter, L., Brockerhoff, M., J. Rutigliano, P. (2014). Cultural impact of human resource practices on job satisfaction: a global study across 48 countries.Cross cultural management,21(1), 55-77. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2014).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Welcome to Repsol Honda Team - MotoGP. (2017). MotoGP. https://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/ Cross Cultural Management Question: Describe about the "Cross Cultural Management". Answer: Introduction There is always sub-culture in any company: Maintaining efficient subcultures, including its main cultures is a duty of a leader in order to manage an organisation successfully. Implementing new strategies or plans would be difficult if there is no bona fide understanding of the various steps of cultures existing in the firm. Organisational sub-cultures can be divided into groups. We can take human resource management subcultures into consideration. It is centred into groups such as profession, employee, innovation and task. This can be also age, union memberships, work groups, sex, departments, ethnicity and occupational ability based. Effective Communication Requires: Conception The interpreting, selecting, organizing of information and processing comes under this category. The people of business are required to keep an eye on the people applying for jobs in order to communicate effectively. For example, we think about our future best friend to be shy by the way they dress, but we can be proved incorrect once we perceive as to how extrovert he or she is as a person. This process is effective in understanding the way people puts effort in making sense of their respective judgements to absorb conceptions communication effect. Precision Clarity must be present in every aspect of communication. Communication message, purpose, modes must be very clear. It provides better understanding to people avoiding confusion, misunderstanding and complexity. Credibility The trust feeling and regard that is admired by others is credibility. Credible head attracts people who want to work for them. For instance, sales professionals need much credibility as people will not want to buy products from the person they dont trust. Control System must be developed in every organisation for reaching its goals and resources. There are few common characteristics shared by every effective control systems such centre on important points, approval of the employees, information that are accessible in the dire need, monetary practicality, precision and certainty. Congeniality It is an important aspect in terms with effective communication. Despite the differences, a good communicator will command the respect and goodwill. Being friendly and maintaining a pleasant relationship is of utmost importance. How Culture Affects Communication: The stronger the formal communication, the weaker the informal one. Barriers to Effective Communication Socio-cultural barriers Group-think This is a phenomena which is social in nature where the main thing that dominates is that the making of decision is influenced by the behaviour of the group. Beliefs and values that conflict Values and shared beliefs is the basis of any culture. Magnification of misunderstanding is inevitable when there are communications occurring across the boundaries of culture. For instance, making eye contact is essential in the culture of the U.S. while talking. However, in the Asiatic countries, the same behaviour is regarded as an offence or showing disrespect. Stereotyping and ethnocentrism Based upon an associate ship of a group in particular, stereotyping is the way of anticipating the behavioural pattern of a person. As an example, if a joke is made about a Latin American colleague that he will arrive late for a meeting, we may have already damaged the professional relationship. On the other hand, perceiving ones own culture to be the superior is the nature of the ethnocentric people. Language and jargon Language is a common barrier. We can take this for an example. A director of sales in the New York city if asks a Brazilian contractor to soon complete a job, both of them will have a miscommunication as they will interpret the word soon from their respective perspective. Behaviour or body language can be a barrier too. Psychological barriers Filtering It is one major problem. For example, if a senior filters the crucial information and does not provide it to the junior, then the person will not be able to complete the work efficiently. This can be due to jealousy or other reasons. Perceptions Every person has a perception of reality, different from others. This leads them to interpret things in their own way. Faulty Memory Poor retention or faulty memory can act as a barrier to communication. For example, a person was given a name, address and a phone number, which he had to convey to another person after some days. Meanwhile, he forgets the phone number and hence the information is either changed or distorted. Poor hearing skills Poor hearing can lead to insufficient skills of memory. Reading, being lost in thought and paying attention to a different conversation represents poor listening skills. Few people listen with complete attention for more than a few seconds at a time. Emotional interference Sending and receiving messages during communication can have a major barrier which is emotion. While being sad or annoyed, communication prowess can be damaged. Positive emotions can also be a barrier. Presenting a message in a peaceful way as a approach that is measured works in the best possible way. Organisational barriers Overload of information To make ones message heard, people have to go through many hurdles as now, there are information overflowing from various directions, and not just one, such as voice mail, internet, text messages, television, material of advertisements, letters, faxes and movies. Message competition Messages have to compete for attention. Information distortion Due to misunderstanding, information can get disordered by the taller structures or maybe blocked on purpose. This can be a result of jealousy or other reason. Message filtering When passing on information, or reproduce it in an abbreviated form may result in cutting out the most important part. Conflicting messages These kind of messages can undermine communication. For instance a CEO of a company says in his speech that "we need to maintain our focus in the year ahead to maintain sales".Now his staffs do not understand whether it was really a "thank you" event or a "kick off" event for next year. Climate of communication A network of relationships those are personal, that too within a business that is smaller is a communication climate. It fosters good relationship between the workers or the employees, among each other and also with the team of management. Status Differences Messages from people of higher ranks are given much importance than those of the lower ones. Structural problems Greater distance from one point to another may cause much delay, be it physical, social or cultural. Culture and Message Context: High, mid-range and Low High Context Culture In this kind of culture, much information that is unspoken usually is transferred implicitly. Importance of long-term business relationships and at the same time having minimal regulations is prevalent in Saudi Arabia. Other countries that follow this kind of cultures include Japan, China, India and Korea. Mid-Range Context Culture Most countries fall under this category such as Brazil, Canada, France, Morocco and Nigeria. Low Context Culture Explicit message is exchanged a lot and having any secrecy is rare in this type of culture. They have short term business relationships such as in the UK, and regulations are followed vigorously. Countries that follow under this are Australia, Germany, Russia and USA among others.

Intergroup Relations Types of Prejudice Essay Example Essay Example

Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Example Paper Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Introduction Types of Prejudice PSY322 Intergroup Relations Jonathan Cadieux Outline †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Model of Prejudice Sexism Overweight Sexual Orientation Ageism Fiske Prejudice Model? 4 Types of Groups? Based on Competence and Warmth? Competence: perceived group status? Warmth: perceived competition? Group 1: Incompetent but warm? Low status, not competitive? Results in Paternalistic Prejudice? Group 2: Incompetent and not warm – Low status, competitive – Results in Contemptuous Prejudice Group 3: Competent but not warm – High status, competitive – Results in Envious Prejudice Group 4: Competent and warm – High status, not competitive – Results in Admiration? Fiske Prejudice Model Competence Envious Prejudice Jews, Asians, Feminists, Wealthy people Warmth High Admiration In-group, Close allies Low High Welfare recipients, Poor people Contemptuous Prejudice Elderly, Disabled, Housewives Low Paternalistic Prejudice What About Work ing Moms? Competence Envious Prejudice Jews, Asians, Feminists, Wealthy people Warmth High Admiration In-group, Close allies Low High Welfare recipients, Poor people Contemptuous Prejudice Elderly, Disabled, Housewives Low Paternalistic Prejudice Stereotypes of Working Moms Cuddy, Fiske, Glick (2004) †¢ How are working moms viewed compared to working dads and working women without children? †¢ Ps rated fictitious targets – Competence, warmth, likelihood of professional rewards – Target: either male/female with a child or not †¢ Predictions from Fiske Prejudice Model – Working moms would be viewed as housewives are viewed: warm incompetent – Working moms: warmer but less competent than working women without kids – Fewer professional rewards for working moms Stereotypes of Working Moms Cuddy, Fiske, Glick (2004) Gender Gap in the Workplace †¢ Women accounted for only 14. 4% of executive positions – Source: 2010 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors and the 2010 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Executive Officers and Top Earners †¢ Women continue to earn less than men. For example, female managers earned 81 cents for every dollar earned by male managers in 2007 (Source: U. S. Govt Acctountability Office) On the other hand. Sexism and gender roles †¢ Differences in wages are due to sexism, but this appears to operate differently than through overt discrimination. Sexism in the definition of gender roles seem to be at the root of discrepancies in wages. †¢ Potential solutions : – Encouraging women to enter higher paying fields (currently â€Å"male-dominated†) †¢ Stereotype threat? – Encouraging more equitable share of household chores and family caretaking . †¢ Maternity = Paternity leaves? Sexism †¢ Definition †¢ Types of sexism – Old-fashioned †¢ Endorse traditional gender roles gender stereotypes †¢ Believe in different treatment of men women – Modern †¢ Less blatant; denial of discrimination against women †¢ Nonsupport of programs legislation to help women Benevolent vs. Hostile †¢ Benevolent: positive but stereotyped views; paternalistic †¢ Hostile: negative attitudes; belief in inferiority Old-fashioned sexism Old fashioned sexism For those of you who think it was half a century ago. For those of you who think it was half a century ago. Stigma of Overweight †¢ Overweight stereotype – Lazy, lack self-control, unattractive, slow †¢ Stigma is experienced differently – Seen as controllable †¢ Outcomes for overweight – Held accountable for negative outcomes – More openly derogated – Prejudiced against own group Well-being of the Overweight Quinn Crocker (1999) Exp. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Role of Protestant Ethic (PE) Implications for overweight women Exp. 1: Correlational Study Independent Variables â €“ Protestant Ethic, weight status (normal, somewhat overweight, very overweight) †¢ Dependent Variable: well-being Quinn Crocker (1999) Exp. 1 Results Well-being of the Overweight Quinn Crocker (1999) Exp. 2 †¢ Primed PE or inclusion – Mood effects of media messages – Read paragraph that primed PE or inclusion – Read another article that discussed negative social effects of being overweight †¢ Independent Variables – Prime condition, weight status (normal, overweight) Dependent Variables: well-being (post – pre), appearance SE (post only) Quinn Crocker (1999): Psychological Well-Being Exp. 2: Well-being 1. 5 1 0. 5 Normal Weight Overweight 0 -0. 5 -1 -1. 5 Protestant Ethic Prime Inclusive Prime Quinn Crocker (1999): Appearance Self-Esteem Exp. 2: Appearance Self-Esteem 3. 6 3. 5 3. 4 3. 3 3. 2 3. 1 3 2. 9 2. 8 2. 7 Normal Weight Overweight Protestant Ethic Prime Inclusive Prime Obesity in Canada Antigay Prejudice †¢ For ms of discrimination – Legal rights, hate crimes †¢ Heterosexism †¢ Current attitudes – Sex differences – Characteristics of high prejudiced Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Body Paragraphs Antigay prejudice in the Real World †¢ ‘The Voice’ Coach Makes â€Å"anti-gay† slur 34-year old The Voice Coach and country singer, Blake Shelton has gotten himself into hot water for making an anti-gay slur. It all started on Tuesday, when Shelton, Tweeted his own version of Shania Twain’s Any Mine of Mine: †Any man that tries touching my behind, he’s gonna be a beaten, bleedin’, heaving kind of guy. † Antigay prejudice in the Real World †¢ Tracy Morgan Apologizes for Anti-Gay Slurs †¢ (.)the alleged remarks during the show included how he would react violently if his son were gay and used â€Å"a gay oice,† that the gay community should â€Å"not be whining about something as insignificant as bullying,† and he allegedly added, â€Å"Gay is something that kids learn from the media and programming. † Antigay prejudice in the Real World †¢ Gay rights group to launch complaint over ‘homo phobic’ comments by RDS (TV Sports) analysts †¢ Mailhot, a former provincial assistant deputy minister, and Goldberg, were discussing the skating of Johnny Weir, the flamboyant 23-year-old and three -time U. S. champion . – â€Å"This may not be politically correct, but do you think he lost points due to his costume and his body language? – â€Å"They’ll think all the boys who skate will end up like him,† he said. â€Å"It sets a bad example. † – â€Å"We should make him (Weir) pass a gender test at this point,† Goldberg said, and Mailhot then jokingly suggested Weir should compete in the women’s competition. Impact of Antigay prejudice †¢ Suicide risks – Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth 4 times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers (Massachusetts Youth Risk Survey 2007). – More than 1/3 of LGB youth report having made a suicide attempt (D’Augelli AR – C linical Child Psychiatry and Psychology 2002) LGB youth who come from highly rejecting families are more than 8 times as likely to have attempted suicide than LGB peers who reported no or low levels of family rejection (Ryan C, Huebner D, et al. , 2009) – Visit http://www. thetrevorproject. org/ for more info on this issue. Canadian Students’ Attitudes toward Homosexuals (Schellenberg, Hirt, Sears, 1999) †¢ University of Windsor students †¢ Completed short version of Attitudes toward Lesbians Men scale – E. g. â€Å"Female homosexuality is a sin†, â€Å"I think male homosexuals are disgusting† †¢ Did attitudes vary by: – Gender, faculty, year in school? Predictions – Science or Business Arts Social Science – Men Women – 1st Year 4th Year Canadian Students’ Attitudes toward Homosexuals (Schellenberg, Hirt, Sears, 1999) Canadian Students’ Attitudes toward Homosexuals (Schellenberg, Hirt, Sears, 1999) Stereotype Threat and Sexual Orientation Bosson, Haymovitz, Pinel (2004) †¢ Gay and heterosexual male undergrads †¢ Primed sexual orientation or not †¢ Interacted with 4-6 year old children for 5 min – Interaction videotaped and coded for: †¢ Non-verbal anxiety †¢ Childcare performance †¢ Prediction? Non-verbal Anxiety Bosson et al. 2004) Childcare Performance Bosson et al. (2004) How can we change this? †¢ One way could be by confronting anti-gay behaviour/speech whenever we see/hear it. CONFRONTATION OF PREJUDICE †¢ â€Å"Verbally or nonverbally expressing one’s dissatisfaction with prejudicial and discriminatory treatment to the person who is responsible for making the remark or behavior ’’ (Shelton, Richeson, Salvatore, Hill, 2006, p. 67). Confrontation of Prejudice – Previous Work †¢ Almost exclusively with Sexism and Racism confrontation †¢ Little work done with anti-gay prej udice Confrontation of racial and gender bias Czopp, Monteith (2003) Study 2 †¢ Imagined setting (read scenario) †¢ IV : Racist remark or Sexist remark †¢ Testing for moderating role of the race or gender of the person confronting. Results Czopp, Monteith (2003) PERSUASIVE LIKEABLE THREAT GUILT AND NEG. SELF PERSUASIVE LIKEABLE THREAT Results Czopp, Monteith (2003) PERSUASIVE LIKEABLE THREAT GUILT AND NEG. SELF PERSUASIVE LIKEABLE THREAT Results Czopp, Monteith (2003) GUILT AND NEG. SELF Confrontation of racial and gender bias Czopp, Monteith (2003) †¢ General conclusion – Sexism and racism not equal – Non-target group members have a unique pportunity for prejudice reduction Other Findings Czopp, Monteith (2006), Rasinski, Czopp (2010) LIKEABLE LIKEABLE Other Findings †¢ Confrontation is effective : reduces further biased responses in all participants (Czopp, Monteith, Mark, 2006) †¢ Witnesses rate non-target confronters as more persuasive , and more positive than target confronters (Rasinski Czopp, 2010) Cadieux Chasteen (2013) †¢ 136 Participants recruited from PSY100 (47 males, 89 females; Age M=18. 9, SD=1. 92) †¢ Read a script of an IM chat log and were told that we are looking at how social media affects everyday communication Scripts included either an antigay comment that : 1) 2) †¢ The confronter was either gay, straight, or did not have his orientation divulged and this was hinted to the participant on a profile page (Facebook) : †¢ A) †¢ B) †¢ C) †¢ Profiles were pilot tested to get baseline evaluations of likeability, masculinity, femininity, attractiveness, etc. Experimental conditions Sexual orientation Scenario – Straight – Comment WITH Confrontation – Gay – Comment WITHOUT Confrontation – Undisclosed Results MAIN EFFECT (c) F(1,130)=3. 77, p=. 05? 2=. 028 Results MAIN EFFECT (o) F(2,130)=76. 31, p We will write a custom essay sample on Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Intergroup Relations: Types of Prejudice Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Individual Education Plans and Behavior Goals

Individual Education Plans and Behavior Goals Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention If a childs behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then its time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write your goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing Zachary will not hit his neighbors write Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially responsible and accountable. When discussing with the student why feel free to use these words, such as Lucy, Im so happy youre being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!! But goals should read: Lucy will present a card cue when she needs a time out to cool off 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period.The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it. Focusing on the replacement behavior should help to extinguish the behavior. Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and has been learned by being rewarded. That doesnt mean you shouldnt talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesnt belong in an IEP.There is no such thing as an attitude goal. Lets face it, weve all known kids who were nasty, negative or unpleasant, but we need to remember that attitude follows behavior. Once you have success, you can build a positive relationship. You cant dictate right attitude. You can model it. Kinds of Behavioral Goal Goals for Disruptive Behavior:Disruptive behavior is generally out of seat behavior, calling out behavior, and attention seeking behavior. Generally, the function of this sort of behavior is attention, though children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) often do it because, well, thats who they are!ExamplesGoal for Out of Seat: During instruction (a Color Wheel Behavior Plan would be good for clarity, here,)Susan will remain in her seat 80 percent (4 of 5) of half hour intervals, two of three consecutive 2 1/2 hour probes.Calling Out: During instructional periods, Jonathon will raise his hand 4 of 5 (80%) of in-class participation occasions for three of four consecutive 45-minute probes.Attention Seeking Behavior: These goals can only be written when you have a good, operational description of the replacement behavior you want. Angela will throw herself on the floor to get her teachers attention. The replacement behavior is for Angela to use a pre-determined cue (a red cup on top o f the desk) to get the teachers attention. The goal would read: Angela will remain in her seat and cue the teacher for attention with a pre-agreed signal. Goals for Academic BehaviorAcademic behavior is behavior that supports academic progress, such as completing work, returning homework and meeting certain standards for neatness. Be sure behaviors support the childs progress, not your need for certain kinds of academic behaviors. Many of those things should be addressed under the rubric procedures.Completion of Assignments When given adapted math assignments of 10 or fewer problems, Rodney will finish 80% of assignments 2 out of 3 consecutive weeks.Homework: The behavior surrounding homework is composed of several component parts: recording assignments, doing the assignments at home, turning the assignment in. One adaptation for homework, especially for children with Aspergers syndrome would be to do 30 minutes of homework, ask the parents to time the work section and initial it. The behavior surrounding homework is really only important in supporting the purpose of the homework: to practice and review instruction.Assignment Book: Lou is will correctly record 80% of daily assignments for five daily classes (4 of 5) and get the assignment book signed by the teacher 3 of 4 consecutive weeks.Doing Homework: Melissa will complete 45 minutes of homework as recorded by parents, 3 of 4 nights a week, 2 of 3 consecutive weeks.Turning in Homework: Given daily homework assignments 4 of 5 nights a week, Gary will place completed work in a folder in the homework box on the ​teachers desk, 3 of 4 days (75%) for 3 of 4 consecutive weeks. Tantrumming: Tantrumming is often more than one behavior, and you need to decide at what point intervention will eliminate the tantrum. A functional analysis is vital: what functional purpose does the tantrum serve? To avoid work? To avoid certain tasks or situations? Maybe you just need to change how work demands are made and how choices are proffered to the child. To get preferred item? Because the child is overtired and needs to escape all demands? Knowing the function of the behavior and the childs preferences can avoid a lot of tantrums. Our imaginary student, Cloe, tends to tantrum when she overly tired. The replacement behavior is to ask for a break/rest, where the classroom aide will place Cloe on her side on a mat, with her head elevatedWhen Cloe is tired, she will present the teacher or classroom aide with the picture exchange card for a break, 4 of 5 episodes (4 requests for each tantrum) or 80% of occasions, 3 of 4 weeks.

Female Knights

Female Knights There are plenty of fierce women who have battled their way through history in politics and warfare. Although from an academic standpoint women could not generally carry the title of knight, there were still many women in European history who were part of chivalric orders and performed the duties of female knights without the formal recognition. Key Takeaways: Female Knights During the Middle Ages, women could not be granted the title of Knight; it was reserved for men only. However, there were many chivalric orders of knighthood that admitted women and female warriors who performed the role.Documented stories of women- primarily high-born- prove that they donned armor and directed troop movement in times of war. Chivalric Orders of Europe The word knight was not just a job title, it was a social ranking. For a man to become a knight, he had to be formally knighted in a ceremony, or receive an accolade of knighthood for exceptional bravery or service, usually in battle. Because neither of these were typically the domains of women, it was rare for a women to carry the title of knight. However, in parts of Europe, there were chivalric orders of knighthood that were open to women. During the early medieval period, a group of devout Christian knights joined together to form the Knights Templar. Their mission was twofold: to protect European travelers on pilgrimage in the Holy Land, but also to carry out secret military operations.  When they finally took the time to write down a list of their rules, around 1129 C.E., their mandates mentioned a pre-existing practice of admitting women to the Knights Templar. In fact, women were permitted as part of the organization during its first 10 years of existence. Lorado / Getty Images A related group, the Teutonic Order, accepted women as Consorores, or Sisters. Their role was an auxiliary one, often related to support and hospital services during times of war, including on the battlefield. In the mid-12th century, Moorish invaders laid the town of Tortosa, Spain, under siege. Because the towns menfolk were already off at battle fighting on another front, it fell to the women of Tortosa to set up defenses. They dressed in mens clothing- which was certainly easier to fight in- picked up weapons, and held their town with an array of swords, farm implements, and hatchets. In the aftermath, Count Ramon Berenguer of Barcelona founded the Order of the Hatchet in their honor. Elias Ashmole wrote in 1672 that the count granted the women of Tortosa numerous privileges and immunities: He also ordained, that at all publick meetings, the  Women  should have precedence of the  Men; That they should be exempted from all Taxes; and that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own. It is not known whether the women of the Order ever fought in any battles other than defending Tortosa. The group faded into obscurity as its members aged and died out. Women in Warfare During the Middle Ages, women were not raised for battle like their male counterparts, who typically trained for warfare from boyhood. However, that doesnt mean they didnt fight. There are numerous examples of women, both noble and lower-born, who defended their homes, their families, and their nations from attacking outside forces. Margaret of Anjou directed troops during the War of the Roses. Hulton Archive / Getty Images The eight-day siege of Jerusalem in 1187 relied on women for success. Nearly all of the citys fighting men had marched out of town three months earlier, for the Battle of Hattin, leaving Jerusalem unguarded but for a few hastily-knighted boys. The women, however, outnumbered men in the city by nearly 50 to 1, so when Balian, Baron of Ibelin, realized it was time to defend the walls against the invading army of Saladin, he enlisted the female citizens to get to work. Dr. Helena P. Schrader, Ph.D. in History from the University of Hamburg, says that Ibelin would have had to organize these untrained civilians into units, assigning them specific, focused tasks. ... whether it was defending a sector of the wall, putting out fires, or ensuring that the men and women doing the fighting were supplied with water, food and ammunition. Most astonishing, his improvised units not only repulsed assaults, they also sortied out several times, destroying some of Saladin’s siege engines, and two or three times chasing the Saracens all the way back to the palisades of their camp. Nicholaa de la Haye was born in Lincolnshire, England, around 1150, and inherited her fathers land when he died. Married at least twice, Nicholaa was the castellan of Lincoln Castle, her family estate, despite the fact that each of her husbands tried to claim it as their own. When her spouses were away, Nicholaa ran the show. William Longchamps, a chancellor of Richard I, was heading to Nottingham to battle against Prince John, and along the way, he stopped at Lincoln, laying siege to Nicholaas castle. She refused to yield, and commanding 30 knights, 20 men-at-arms, and a few hundred infantrymen, held the castle for 40 days. Longchamps eventually gave up and moved on. She defended her home again a few years later when Prince Louis of France tried to invade Lincoln. Women didnt just show up and perform the duties of knights in defensive mode. There are several accounts of queens who traveled into the field with their armies in times of war. Eleanor of Aquitaine, the Queen of both France and England, led a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. She even did it while dressed in armor and carrying a lance, although she didnt personally fight. During the War of the Roses, Marguerite d’Anjou personally directed the actions of Lancastrian commanders during battles against Yorkist opponents while her husband, King Henry VI, was incapacitated by bouts of madness. In fact, in 1460, she defeated the threat to her husband’s throne by calling on the Lancastrian nobility to assemble a mighty host in Yorkshire that ambushed York and killed him and 2,500 of his men outside his ancestral home at Sandal Castle. Finally, its important to note that over the centuries, there were countless other women who donned armor and rode into war. We know this because although medieval European writers documenting the Crusades emphasized the notion that pious Christian women did not fight, the historians of their Muslim opponents wrote of crusading women battling against them. The Persian scholar Imad ad-din al-Isfahani wrote, a woman of high rank arrived by sea in late autumn 1189, with an escort of 500 knights with  their forces, squires, pages and valets. She paid all their expenses and also led them in  raids on the Muslims. He went on to say that there were many female knights among the Christians, who wore armour like the men and fought like men in battle, and could not be told apart from  the men until they were killed and the armour was stripped from their bodies. Although their names have been lost to history, these women did exist, they simply were not granted the title of knight. Sources Ashmole, Elias. â€Å"The Institution, Laws Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter Collected and Digested into One Body.†Ã‚  Early English Books Online, The University of Michigan, quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A26024.0001.001?viewtoc.Nicholson, Helen, and Helen Nicholson. â€Å"Women and the Crusades.†Ã‚  Academia.edu, www.academia.edu/7608599/Women_and_the_Crusades.Schrader, Helena P. â€Å"Surrender of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187.†Ã‚  Defending the Crusader Kingdoms, 1 Jan. 1970, defendingcrusaderkingdoms.blogspot.com/2017/10/surrender-of-jerusalem-to-saladin-in.html.Velde, Francois R. â€Å"Women Knights in the Middle Ages.†Ã‚  Women Knights, www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm.

Networking 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking 2 - Essay Example A deeper comparison is as shown in the table below. The radio infrastructure will require 4 satellites which will be established at four points whereby one will be in the line of sight of the next satellite.This infrastructure will use Hertzian Insurgency frequency since the normal FM frequency is not applicable over satellites. The orbits for the satellites should be contradictory to that of the moon so as to defy the interference that the moon causes to them as a result of the lunar gravitational pull. A signal in a connection is like water in a river only that the destination of the signal is defined. In addition to the message carried by the signal, there isalso the destination address and the origin address. The signal is broken down into smaller segments called data packets and these packets are allocated numbers according to the segment of the signal in which they belong. For example the first segment will be allocated the first number and the last segment will be allocated the last number. These packets use different pathways in the network specifically the shortest route to the destination and when they all get to the destination they are assembled according to the segment number hence making the original signal. The network selected employsthe use of twisted pair cables. This network’s structure has an additional device that is the hub. The network uses a topology called the star topology whereby all the components are connected to the hub. This includes the gateway which refers to the computer connected to the internet which provides connection to all the other computers. The hub acts as the central switching device that controls how the messages and signals are relayed within the network. It is also the location whereby signals are kept whenever a transmission medium (cable) is in use since two signals cannot be transmitted over the same cable. Another alternative device that can be used in place of the hub is the switch (also